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What was the Democracy movement in China and the
role of Hu Yaobang during the 1980s?
- Young people were attracted to the openness
movement. Hu Yaobang was in touch with the people and the youth
which began to question communism. In 1986, Hu got Deng’s approval
to implement political change against oldest members of the party –
but the program was shelved. Student demonstrations began against
the government. Hu Yaobang allowed demonstrates to return to school
and not be arrested… conservatives outsted Hu Yaobang for being
weak. Students could no longer turn to Hu for protection.
- Hu had the same questions about communism as
the students and intellectuals. In 1986 (with Deng’s support)
initiated political reform by encouraging older members to retire.
Students were not satisfied with the pause in reforms caused by
older conservatives so they held protests and demonstrations (1986)
in Shanghai the demonstrators clashed with police and further
demonstrations were banned. Students returned to school but not in
Beijing: despite police arrest and brutality Hu ordered them to be
sent back to school and not jailed. Hu was then ousted by
conservatives.
- He worked to get the oldest party members to
retire and loosen party controls on many areas of life. Hu also
worked to understand the common man and rural people. It was mainly
founded in the university student population, they demanded being
able to nominate local leaders and better jobs. Hu worked to keep
the students out of jail and instead had them bused back to school.
- He wanted the older members of the party to
retire. He at first had the support of Deng but after awhile his
support shifted to the older members of the party. Hu Yaobang was
more in touch with the people, that is why he fought for them so
hard.
- The movement at the university was called
“Cultural Fever”. Hu Yaobang was more in touch with the people, and
was questioning communism. As the heir apparent to the “throne”,
Deng Xiaoping listened and agreed with him. Hu wanted the older
members of the party, but Deng had to appease the conservative side
of the party. He prevented the students from going to jail after
Tienanmen Square (?), and was replaced.
- Hu Yaobang began to question communist
doctrine. In 1986 Hu Yaobang under Deng Xiaoping was allowed to
initiate political reform. However, after senior members of the
communist party began to question Deng the ideas of reform were
shelved. Hu Yaobang would later be ousted after helping students
condemned during demonstrations.
- Hu Yaobang wanted to loosen party control.
There was a western movement that wanted to allow free thinking.
The people wanted a say in elections. They wanted to express
themselves and have a say in what was going on. Students were the
majority. Yaobang argued for the students.
- Hu Yaobang in 1986 wanted to reform by letting
go older communist leaders to allow younger and more liberal
leaders. He was ousted in 1987, the hardliners had their way.
Democracy movement wanted to elect local leaders and a more open
school, so students protested with marches, sit-ins were met with
more trouble. Died April 19, 1989.
- Hu Yaobang wanted older members of the party
to retire and make way for new political reform. Students moved
toward political reform. They began to take to rock’n roll and
western art. April 1989 died of heart attack.
- The democracy movement started in campuses in
major cities across China – thousands of students marched to have a
choice in politics by candidates for local elections and having a
say in their future careers. Hu was the political leader who
initiated this movement and attempted to protect students from
police and he was later ousted for weak leadership.
- The generations born under the red flag began
questioning communism. Rock music, art, etc. and China looking at
the western world. Hu Yaobang questioned communist dogma and had
people thinking for themselves. He worked to initiate political
change. Some thought he was too radical, 30,000 students marched in
Shanghai holding demonstrations and stating their views. Hu Yaobang
was forced out of office b/c they felt he wasn’t handling things the
way he should. He was expelled from the communist party.
- Dreams of political change. Cultural fever,
individualism, likeness of western culture. Hu Yaobang was the heir
apparent of Deng and shared views w/the masses of students.
- Work for police change. Young students
demanded. His views encouraged change. They soon ousted him from
office for not asking students to stand down.
- Removing older members of parliament. He
tried to protect the students.
- Western mucic and culture/ a shift from
political to personal, more freedom to individuals thinking. He
wanted older people to retire and made students to protest which was
a free speech.
2. When was China’s one child policy instituted? What were its impacts on
China?
- The one-child policy was implemented in 1979.
The hope was to limit a population surge. In rural areas people
wanted large families to farm the land. Villagers became unhappy
with family planning. Women fled villages, others paid fines for
having more than one child. Family planning cut population growth
by half. Factories, however, couldn’t employ enough people as a
result of econ. policy.
- 1979. in urban areas that were under closer
supervision by the party, the policies were adhered to but in rural
areas there was outraged backlash to the rigidity of enforcement.
The population growth overall was cut by half by the policy.
- Many families were kept from having sons.
Sons are the guarantee that you will be taken care of in the
future. People were forced to have abortions and population growth
was cut in half. 1979.
- It was instated in 1979. Women were forced to
use contraceptives or have abortions. Local police would take women
to town on tractors to have their tubes tied. This policy enraged
farmers because they wanted someone to carry on the family name and
that was their labor force. It cut the population growth in half.
- 1979. The impact cut the population growth in
half. Still, a large population remained. Many people wanted boys
to take care of them when they became elderly.
- 1979. Women with 1 child had to use
contraceptives. Women would be forced to get tubes tied. Farmers
were enraged. Women would secretly have kids or pay fines. Cut
population growth by half.
- 1979 – villages and rural communities resisted
the policy because traditionally they wanted sons and a big family.
A huge son preference developed because many older families were
unable to sustain their living arrangements because of no social sec
unity or social welfare. Cut population by almost half.
- 1989, Women were told to use contraceptives
and abortions were encouraged. Women were later forced to have
their tubes tied.
- 1979; people especially in villages, became
enraged. There was great concern that families would not have a son
to care for the elderly. Ultimately population growth was cut by
about half.
- 1979 was when the China’s one child policy was
instituted. Many woman started getting abortions. Families wanted
boys b/c the boy would take care of their parents when they grew
old. The government was carting women to get their tubes tied and
families were _____ and fled their villages to have their children.
Some were fined a good amount if they didn’t follow the policy.
- One child policy began in 1979. Family
planning met resistance in rural areas. Cut population growth by
almost 50%. Women had their ovarian tubes tied by force, not out of
choice.
- Too many people. The feared too many people
would make if difficult to maintain stability and feed the people./
Family planning was difficult in the family areas it was hard to
enforce the family policies. Neg impact on industries because
people left farming to work in cities.
- 1979. Female children were in very low
demand. Population growth cut in half.
- 1979. Women
with
one child were pushed to use contraceptive and after one for
abortion/ the push became too much, huge fines and gov started to
control / cut pop growth by half the personal aspects of people’s
lives.
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What where the causes of
the Tienanmen Square Incidence? What were its impacts on China?
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In April 1989 Hu Yaobang
died students anger exploded. Students flocked to Tiananmen Sq. to
make their voices heard against corruption and in favor of
democratization. Deng warned students against protesting, but
students remained in Tiananmen Sq. People refused to be intimidated
and marched to Tiananmen Sq. and began a hunger strike. On June 3,
troops were forcing their way to the square and fighting broke out.
By June 4 students began heading home. Many were arrested; some
fled the country.
- Inflation, corruption and the death of Hu Yaobang: a gathering
in Tiananmen to commemorate his death turned into demonstrations
about freedom of speech and the right to organize student
organizations. Deng condemned the students and warned them to stop
this only caused more anger and students again marched to Tiananmen,
they were joined by ordinary citizens, several hundred students held
a hunger strike. World press was in China to cover Gorbachev’s
visit and the triumph of breaching the rift with the USSR turned
into a huge embarrassment for Deng Ziaoping. Thousands of
protesters converged on Beijing. Meant little to rural populations.
Intnl. Corp. withdrew investments.
- Hu Yaobang suffered a heart attach and died and the feelings of
reform and demands for democracy were resurfaced. Students came
back to Tienanmen Square to pay tribute and protest. Deng warned
the students to not continue the protests. In response the students
came back anyway. A hunger strike began. At the same time Deng was
embarrassed when Gorbachaz visited. There was an attempt at
negotiation but then martial law was imposed. Two weeks the
students kept the troops out.
- The death of Hu Yaobang help start civil unrest. Then it
exculpated slowly with various incidents like the three students
kneeling in front of the people’s shrine. Then the article from
Deng in the CC daily excelated the students. People started going
to Tienanmen. It slowly got worse with people coming from all over
the country. Many investors called back their employees or cancel
their investments in China.
- Hu Yaoang died, and that reignited the feelings that he had
believed. After programs such as the Iron Rice Bowl and the one
child policy had led to feelings of oppression, students wanted
their voices to be heard. Eventually workers and others who had
once dared to speak out joined them in the square. International
gov’ts condemned China for cracking down on the leaders. Businesses
pulled their money and employees and the government applauded the
army
- Hu Yaobang passed away and many students rushed to Tiananmen
Square for the memorial. 1,000 were there and began to voice their
opinions yet no govt officials would meet them. Later more protest
would follow. A hunger strike in Tiananmen would culminate the
final protest. Students would be joined by laborers and others.
Zhao Ziyang would eventually be ousted for supporting students.
Eventually martial law would be declared.
- Government corruption and Hu Yaobang’s death, and the
government’s condemnation of marching. The students wanted to be
heard. The whole city was behind the students. Movements all over
the country started. Everyone seemed to join. Labor unions
forced. Martial law was declared. Gov’t army opened fire on
students. International businesses scaled back employees.
- The death of Hu Yaobang in April 1989. Students were fed up
w/corruption and back of freedoms. Deng on April 26 wrote in the
newspaper for the students to end the protest that was “turmoil” but
the students were not intimidated. Students from all over joined
in. June 3 – 200 ppl died because of solider shots and student
leaders were sentenced to prison terms. Gorvbechev > Zhao banned by
Hardliners > martial law.
- The central committee rule the student movement as turmoil.
Students marched to Tienanmen Square and staged a hunger strike.
During this time Gorbachev visited and world press was in Beijing.
Troops began to force their way to the square using lethal force.
International businesses recalled employees and scaled down their
presence in China. Foreign nations condemned China’s treatment of
these involved.
- Inflation grew. Corruption was rampant in the party and
government. People had no way to voice their concerns.
- After Yaobang’s death students began an uprise again. Govt’
labeled student movement turmoil. Everyone started walking joining
the movement. Hu Yaobangs death caused the student movement.
Students felt they had to state their views and make sure the gov’t
knew after his death. The government labeled the student movement
turmoil and wanted them to stop”starving for democracy”. Later they
then had a hunger strike. Then students everywhere went on strike
and they all joined the movement.
- Students flocked here to pay tribute to Hu Yaobang. They
petitioned the central committee for more rights. The gov’t
condemned the movement. Students began a hunger strike. Gov’t
arrested demonstrators. 4/26/89. Gov‘t declared Marshall Law. The
army opened fir on the demonstrators.
- Students wanted change. They began to protest people joined
them. Teachers and intellectuals were expelled from the communist
party. Students were sent on BA jobs sent away. Students once
again returned to Tienanmen Sq. when Hu Yaobang
- Beijing students protesting their inability to sit in at
political events. Growing social problems.
- Gov didn’t cave to the students. Students protested, they
wanted an answer and discussion. It was for democracy, began hunger
strikes, other people started to demonstrate in other parts of the
world.
4.
What did Deng Xiaoping try to do after the Tienanmen Square
Incidence in China?
- On June 26, Deng congratulated the Army for a
job well-done. There was a huge crack-down against the leaders of
Tiananmen Sq. incident; many were arrested. The gov’t thought
students should be re-educated. Deng Xiaoping launched China into
its most spectuvelas period of economic growth and called for
improvement of living standards. Jian Zemin addressed the party
with the promise of huge foreign investment. Economy soared and
many became wealthy.
- Congratulated the army for their actions and
maintain that his actions and those of the party were valid. Then
in the early 90’s launched huge economic reform and stated that
communism would not be saved by rhetoric but by economic
improvement. This led to the return of foreign investment and a
boom in economic growth and communism saw its first millionaires.
- He launched China into the most economically
prosperous time to date. Foreign investment returned and the
Coastal regions grew rapidly.
- Congratulated the Army on a job well done.
But even after the incident Deng still pushed for economic reform
and successfully brought back investors Deng made his last public
appearance at 90 years old. One of the last of the old
revolutionaries.
- He wanted to install economic growth in the
North, similar to what was happening in the south. He thought that
to save socialism, people’s lives had to increase and that rhetoric
was not going to save them. The focus had to be economic.
- In the early 1990’s Deng Xiaoping would launch
China into its largest period of economic growth. Deng Ziaoping
proclaimed that communism would not be saved with out economic
growth.
- He congratulated the army. The incidence was
seen as correct. Students were to be re-educated. Wanted to work
on economic reform. Communism will be saved by better living
standards. Foreign investment would return.
- June 26 – Deng congratulated Army for a job
well done. After he went to Shenzhen and hoped ppl would follow in
their example of making the economy work and prosper before giving
political rights. Can to make money, but peasants roamed land in
hopes of getting some of the jobs or opportunities available. Deng
out 1994. Died 1997.
- He launched the entire country into reform to
become like Shenzhen. He also said the only way to get better was
to improve life in China.
- He tried to continue to push economics reform
and increase people’s living standards; while continuing to repress
political reform, the new economic policies caused foreign investors
to return to China. Peasant population suffered; gap widened.
- He was aired on TV and congratulated the Army
for a job well done in stopping the student movements. He said that
communism will be saved by bettering people’s living standards and
called on all of China to be more like Shenzhen. The countries
economy began to soar. Communism first millionaires were born, but
many stayed poor. PLA – was supposed to serve the people but they
had open fired.
- Many were sent to prison some students escaped
and left the country. Economic reform cont. Companies from outside
China to invest in China. All this improvement did not do much for
the people such as the farmers and other areas.
- He tried to put student to work in separate
small villages. Leaders were arrested.
- After 5 days of hunger the gov started to
negotiate. He came to the square and apologize and party bared him
from public life. 200 people died/ gov arrested people who joined
the protests/ int business returned for their employees/ he thanked
the policy for the well job economic zone for refoundation and
modernization, foreign invest returned.
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